Evaluation of Innovations in Physical Education: A Systematic Review with a Digital Approach
Keywords:
learning methods development, physical educator, digitalization of learning, sport educationAbstract
Physical Education (PE) has undergone a significant paradigm shift, moving from conventional direct instruction to a student-centered learning model supported by digital integration. This transformation aims to foster 21st-century skills and physical literacy holistically. This systematic review aims to evaluate the evolution of learning innovations in PE. This study adapted the PRISMA guidelines using the SCOPUS database and identified 327 documents. After the screening phase, 185 articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 54 articles were further extracted for qualitative synthesis. Analysis of publication distribution revealed significant geographical gaps, with a global publication dominance centered in China. Thematic synthesis classified PE innovations into four evolutionary phases and conclude that the integration of advanced technology offers highly precise physical education assessment. However, its success depends on the design of the learning process and the pedagogy of the PE teacher. Future research is recommended to focus on experimental studies aimed at validating the effectiveness of digital instruments across diverse physical education ecosystems.
References
Aasland, E., Nyberg, G., & Barker, D. (2025). Enacting A New Physical Education Curriculum: A Collaborative Investigation. Sport, Education and Society, 30(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2024.2367752
Alfrey, L., & O’Connor, J. (2022). Transforming Physical Education: An Analysis of Context and Resources that Support Curriculum Transformation and Enactment. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2022.2028759
Alsalhe, T. A., Chalghaf, N., Guelmami, N., Azaiez, F., & Bragazzi, N. L. (2021). Occupational Burnout Prevalence and Its Determinants Among Physical Education Teachers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 553230. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.553230
Baena-Morales, S., Vásquez-Echeverría, A., Gavilán-Martín, D., & González-Villora, S. (2024). Psychological Approaches to Sustainability: Implementing Intervention Model for Sustainable Development in Physical Education. Sustainable Development, 32(5), 5692–5704. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2986
Baena-Morales, S., Vasquez-Echeverría, A., Gavilán-Martin, D., & González-Víllora, S. (2024). Psychological Approaches to Sustainability: Implementing Intervention Model for Sustainable Development in Physical Education. Sustainable Development, 32(5), 5692–5704. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2986
Bagayas, J. C. S., Diego, C. J. S., Malayao, S. O., & Sumando, G. A. (2026). Futenvol: An Innovative Game for Physical Education Students. Journal of Education and Learning, 20(1), 532–541. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v20i1.22299
Bai, D. (2024). Exploration and Practical Research on Physical Education Theory Innovation in Colleges and Universities under the Background of Internet. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/amns.2023.2.01269
Bernate, J. A., Babativa Salamanca, H. A., Urrea Roa, P. N., Garcia Celis, M. F., & Fonseca Franco, I. P. (2024). Strengthening Generic Skills in Undergraduate Students in Physical Education. Perception of University Professors. Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental, 18(7). https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n7-095
Bikalawan, S. S., Al Ardha, M. A., Indahwati, N., Wijaya, A., Nurhasan, N., Ridwan, M., & Yang, C. B. (2024). Flash Card Learning Media in Physical Education Improves Students’ Locomotor Movement Skills. Retos, 57, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.105460
Budiana, D. (2014). The Influence of Self-regulated and Traditional Learning Model on the Development of Students’ Cognitive Process and Sport Enjoyment in Basketball Learning Process. Asian Social Science, 10(5), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n5p123
Çakto, P., & Akin, S. (2024). The Effect of The Situated Game Teaching Model Through Set-Plays on Motor Development. Retos, 57, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.104840
Casey, M., Mooney, A., Eime, R., Harvey, J., Smyth, J., Telford, A., & Payne, W. (2013). Linking Physical Education with Community Sport and Recreation: A Program for Adolescent Girls. Health Promotion Practice, 14(5), 721–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839912464229
Chaloupský, D., Chaloupská, P., & Hrušová, D. (2021). Use of Fitness Trackers in a Blended Learning Model to Personalize Fitness Running Lessons. Interactive Learning Environments, 29(2), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1799027
Chan, C., Ha, A., & Ng, J. Y. Y. (2016). Improving Fundamental Movement Skills in Hong Kong Students through An Assessment for Learning Intervention that Emphasizes Fun, Mastery, and Support: The A + FMS Randomized Controlled Trial Study Protocol. SpringerPlus, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2517-6
Chang, Z. (2025). Development of a Virtual Simulation Training Platform for Physical Education Teaching Posture Integrating Biomechanics. MCB Molecular and Cellular Biomechanics, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb915
Chen, L. (2024). Innovative Research on Physical Education Models in Colleges and Universities. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-2331
Chen, Y. J., Sinelnikov, O. A., & Hastie, P. (2013). Professional Development in Physical Education: Introducing The Sport Education Model to Teachers in Taiwan. Asia-Pacific Journal of Health, Sport and Physical Education, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/18377122.2013.760424
Cheng, J. (2021). Evaluation of Physical Education Teaching based on Web Embedded System and Virtual Reality. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2021.103980
Dalziell, A., Boyle, J., & Mutrie, N. (2015). Better Movers and Thinkers (BMT): An Exploratory Study of an Innovative Approach to Physical Education. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 11(4), 722–741. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i4.950
Doll-Tepper, G. (1997). Physical Education and Sport and Special Needs in Germany. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 21(1), 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958517970080207
Fenanlampir, A., Leasa, M., & Batlolona, J. R. (2021). The Development of Homogeneity Psycho Cognition Learning Strategy in Physical Education Learning. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(3), 1047–1059. https://doi.org/10.11591/IJERE.V10I3.21713
Festiawan, R., Hooi, L. B., Bin Mohd Nor, M. A. M., Ngadiman, N., Widiawati, P., Burhaein, E., & Phytanza, D. T. P. (2021). Traditional Sports-Based Learning: Innovative Learning Method to Improve Fundamental Movement Skills and Learning Motivation. Sport Science, 15(1), 202–210. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85133529471&partnerID=40&md5=ccff30e8662e62c5e010dd03c5cc213a
Gao, Y. (2025). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Sports Education and Public Health in Higher Education: Innovations in Teaching Models, Evaluation Systems, and Personalized Training. Frontiers in Public Health, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1554911
Ghorbel, A., Romdhani, A., Yaakoubi, M., Trabelsi, O., Souissi, M. A., Kammoun, M. M., Masmoudi, L., & Gharbi, A. (2025). Integrating Gamified Blended Learning in Gymnastics: Effects on Motor Skill Development, Knowledge Retention, and Motivation in Physical Education Settings. Education and Information Technologies, 30(17), 24575–24593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13759-3
Ilahi, B. R., Raibowo, S., Rizki, O. B., Hiasa, F., Prabowo, A., & Permadi, A. (2025). Badminton Learning Media Innovation Based on Virtual Reality to Improve Physical Education Student Learning Outcomes. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 13, 209–212. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105004294821&partnerID=40&md5=983c22307ef2e30170f7b9795404e703
Ji, X., Samsudin, S. B., Hassan, M. Z. B., Farizan, N. H., Yuan, Y., & Chen, W. (2025). The Application of Suitable Sports Games for Junior High School Students based on Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01941-z
Jia, Z.-R. (2021). Effects of Teaching Games for Understanding Integrated Sport Education Model on College Students’ Football Cognitive Performance and Motor Skills. Revista de Cercetare Si Interventie Sociala, 72, 274–287. https://doi.org/10.33788/rcis.72.17
Kryshtanovych, S., Balukh, M., Buchkivska, G., Chubinska, N., & Ilina, D. (2021). The Application of Health Pedagogy in the Context of the Formation of Physical Education among Schoolchildren. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.52547/AASSJOURNAL.1001
Kwon, Y., Kim, D., Kang, M., & Cho, G. (2025). Expanding Participation in Inclusive Physical Education: A Maker-Based Approach for Sport-Marginalized Students. Children, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/children12121681
Liu, H. (2022). Innovation and Development of Sports Football Teaching Mode under the Background of Big Data and Internet of Things. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022(1), 6743174. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6743174
Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., Weaver, K., Callister, R., Dewar, D. L., Costigan, S. A., Finn, T. L., Smith, J. J., Upton, L., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2012). Rationale and Study Protocol for the Supporting Children Outcomes using Rewards, Exercise and Skills (SCORES) Group Randomized Controlled Trial: A Physical Activity and Fundamental Movement Skills Intervention for Primary Schools in Low-Income Communities. BMC Public Health, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-427
Maksymchuk, I., Maksymchuk, B., Frytsiuk, V., Matviichuk, T., Demchenko, I., Babii, I., Tsymbal-Slatvinska, S., Nikitenko, A., Bilan, V., Sitovskyi, A., & Savchuk, I. (2018). Developing Pedagogical Mastery of Future Physical Education Teachers in Higher Education Institutions. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 810–815. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.02119
McKenzie, T. L., Nader, P. R., Strikmiller, P. K., Yang, M., Stone, E. J., Perry, C. L., Taylor, W. C., Epping, J. N., Feldman, H. A., Luepker, R. V, & Kelder, S. H. (1996). School Physical Education: Effect of The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. Preventive Medicine, 25(4), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1996.0074
Moya, E. C., & Cara, M. J. C. (2021). Active Methodologies in Physical Education: Perception and Opinion of Students on the Pedagogical Model used by Their Teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041438
Mujriah, M., Siswantoyo, S., Sukoco, P., Rosa, F. O., Susanto, E., & Setiawan, E. (2022). Traditional Sport Model to Improve Fundamental Movement Skills and Social Attitudes of Students During COVID-19. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(3), 309–315. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3.02
Nathan, S., & Haynes, J. (2013). A Move to An Innovative Games Teaching Model: Style E Tactical (SET). Asia-Pacific Journal of Health, Sport and Physical Education, 4(3), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/18377122.2013.836769
Nelson, S., Zalindro, A., Septri, S., Ihsan, N., Bahtra, R., Alnedral, A., Ockta, Y., Putra, J., & Sari, D. N. (2025). Development of a Pencak Silat Learning Media Based on Articulate Storyline for Elementary Physical Education. Balneo and PRM Research Journal, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.12680/BALNEO.2025.923
Ning, J., & Liu, J. (2026). Breaking new ground in PE evaluation: A Novel QFD-fuzzy TOPSIS Fusion Model for Kindergarten Curriculum Quality Assessment. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2026.101565
Park, Y. (2024). Integrating Career Education into Physical Education: Insights from the Sports DreamCatcher Initiative. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 24(3), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.03061
Prat, Q., Camerino, O., Castañer, M., Andueza, J., & Puigarnau, S. (2019). The Personal and Social Responsibility Model to Enhance Innovation in Physical Education. Apunts. Educacion Fisica y Deportes, (136), 83–99. https://doi.org/10.5672/APUNTS.2014-0983.ES.(2019/2).136.06
Priambodo, A., Kristyandaru, A., Jannah, M., Fathir, L. W., Orhan, B. E., & WIbowo, S. (2025). Development of A Task-Oriented Physical Education Model to Enhance Students’ Intrinsic Motivation and Motor Skills. Sport TK, 14. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.666351
Qian, H., Ren, X., Wang, H., & Zou, Y. (2025). Global Insights and Key Trends in Physical Literacy Research: A Bibliometric Analysis and Literature Review from 2007 to 2024. In Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare (Vol. 18). https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S515715
Qian, Y. (2024). The Construction of Wisdom Teaching Mode of Physical Education and Training in Colleges and Universities in the Internet Era. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-0777
Risma, N., Bakhtiar, S., & Zarya, F. (2025). Improving Students’ Martial Arts Skills and Fitness through An Innovative E-Module. Sport TK, 14. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.567171
Ritonga, I., Gusril, G., Kiram, Y., Lanos, M. E. C., & Festiawan, R. (2024). Designing An Innovative Learning Model for Fundamental Throwing and Catching Skills using The Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) Approach in Elementary Education. Retos, 61, 448–454. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.108823
Saiz-González, P., Sierra-Díaz, J., Iglesias, D., & Fernandez-Rio, J. (2025). Exploring Physical Education Teachers’ Willingness and Barriers to Integrating Digital Technology in Their Lessons. Education and Information Technologies, 30(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13060-9
Satyawan, I. M., Lasmawan, I. W., Artanayasa, I. W., Swadesi, I. K. I., & Yoda, I. K. (2023). The Development of Interactive Multimedia in E-Learning Undiksha to Improve Soccer Learning Outcomes in FOK Undiksha. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(12), 3468–3477. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.12398
Shao, G. (2024). Optimization of Innovative Information-based Teaching Paths in College Sports Psychology based on Principal Component Analysis. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/amns.2023.1.00383
Sotos-Martínez, V. J., Tortosa Martinez, J., Baena-Morales, S., & Ferriz-Valero, A. (2023). Boosting Student’s Motivation through Gamification in Physical Education. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13020165
Sun, X., Yu, B., & Li, R. (2025). Designing an Innovative Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Framework for Optimized Teaching and Delivery of Physical Education Curriculum. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14283-7
Sunardianta, R., Prasojo, L. D., & Yuliarto, H. (2024). Child-friendly School-based Learning Management Model for Health and Physical Education. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 43(2), 459–469. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v43i2.64652
Triansyah, A., Hidayat, Y., Haetami, M., Lukitowati, S., & Atmajaya, N. K. (2025). Bibliometric Analysis of Instructional Models in Physical Education: From Direct Instruction to Transformative Learning. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 25(5), 1290–1301. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.5.28
Wang, N., Rahman, M. N. B. A., & Daud, M. A. K. B. M. (2021). Diversified Talent Cultivation Mechanism of Early Childhood Physical Education Under the Full-Practice Concept – Oriented by Preschooler Mental Health and Intelligent Teaching. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.593063
Wang, Z., & Zhao, M. (2023). The Evolution of Urban Physical Education Development Model and Its Innovative Development Strategy. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 29(4), 144–158. https://doi.org/10.52152/kuey.v29i4.854
Webster, C. A., Mîndrilǎ, D., Moore, C., Stewart, G., Orendorff, K., & Miedema, S. (2020). Exploring The Role of Physical Education Teachers’ Domain-specific Innovativeness, Educational Background, and Perceived School Support in CSPAP Adoption. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 39(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0313
Wen, B. (2026). Wearable Multimodal Data Fusion Methods for Intelligent Assessment in Physical Education. Internet Technology Letters, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.70134
Wiggers, I., Araújo, A. C. de, Ferreira, F. M., & Freire, J. (2025). Editorial: Curricular Proposals for Physical Education: Local, Global and Transnational Perspectives. In Frontiers in Sports and Active Living (Vol. 7). https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1574454
Wu, S., & Zhan, Y. (2025). Development and Optimization of a Physiological Data-Driven Mobile Interactive Feedback System for University Physical Education. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 19(22), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v19i22.59061
Yili, S. (2017). Research on the Application of Computer Simulation Technology in the Field of Physical Education. Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech, 28(1), 1617–1620. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020534806&partnerID=40&md5=d0f157712c102f606c6489b63f27d84f
Yu, H., & Mi, Y. (2023). Application Model for Innovative Sports Practice Teaching in Colleges Using Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence. Electronics (Switzerland), 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040874
Zha, H., Ding, X., & Li, W. (2025). Innovative Approaches in Physical Education: Leveraging Cognitive Activation to Boost Student Outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1481381
Zhang, J., Xiao, W., Soh, K. G., Yao, G., Anuar, M. A. B. M., Bai, X., & Bao, L. (2024). The Effect of the Sport Education Model in Physical Education on Student Learning Attitude: A Systematic Review. BMC Public Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18243-0
Zhang, L., Yang, F., & Yang, Q. (2022). Improving Effect of Cooperative Learning-Based Physical Education on Children’s Negative Psychology. Revista de Psicologia Del Deporte, 31(4), 261–270. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85161431458&partnerID=40&md5=d865f1f2cd58e7cee37ef9c11d29da8e
Zhen, B., Yue, W., & Yulong, G. (2021). Construction of Ecological Model of College Physical Education under the Background of Health and Environmental Protection. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 22(1), 297–305. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85104950118&partnerID=40&md5=1d26766d1a0881cac56b50ffbb1f52dd
Zhou, Y., Lu, W., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Distributed Intelligent Learning and Decision Model Based on Logic Predictive Control. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6431776
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Wawan Setiawan, Mohd Firdaus Bin Abdullah, Sauqi Sawa Bikalawan, Puji Setyaningsih, Labib Labib, Suroto Suroto, Chung Bing Yang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
